Keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj hlau nplaum ruaj khov rau cov motors

Rare earth element(rare ntiaj teb mus tas li hlau nplaum) yog 17 xim hlau nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub sij hawm lub sij hawm (atomic tooj 21, 39, thiab 57-71) uas muaj txawv fluorescent, conductive, thiab sib nqus zog uas ua rau lawv incompatible nrog ntau hom hlau xws li Hlau) yog heev pab tau thaum. alloyed los yog tov nyob rau hauv me me. Geologically hais lus, cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj tsawg. Deposits ntawm cov hlau no muaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, thiab ib co ntsiab yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv roughly tib yam li tooj liab los yog tin. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb yeej tsis tau pom nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus siab heev thiab feem ntau sib xyaw nrog ib leeg lossis nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xws li uranium. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom nyob ib puag ncig, thiab cov khoom no kuj ua rau lawv nyuaj rau kev ntxuav. Txoj kev tsim khoom tam sim no xav tau ntau cov ore thiab tsim cov khoom pov tseg loj heev kom tshem tawm tsuas yog qee qhov me me ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb, nrog cov pov tseg los ntawm kev ua cov txheej txheem suav nrog dej xov tooj cua, tshuaj fluorine thiab acids.

Cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov tshaj plaws uas pom tau yog cov zaub mov uas muab cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov. Txog rau thaum xyoo pua 19th, cov hlau nplaum tau tawg, tsis ruaj khov, thiab ua los ntawm cov hlau. Xyoo 1917, Nyiv tau tshawb pom cobalt hlau nplaum, uas ua rau kev txhim kho. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov tau txuas ntxiv txhim kho txij li lawv qhov kev tshawb pom. Rau Alnicos (Al / Ni / Co alloys) nyob rau xyoo 1930, qhov kev hloov pauv no tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau (BH) max, uas zoo heev txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov, thiab rau qhov ntim ntawm cov hlau nplaum, Lub zog siab tshaj plaws tuaj yeem hloov mus rau lub zog uas tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov tshuab siv hlau nplaum.

Thawj cov hlau nplaum ferrite tau pom tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1950 hauv chav kuaj physics uas yog Philips Industrial Research hauv Netherlands. Tus neeg pabcuam tau tsim nws los ntawm kev yuam kev - nws yuav tsum tau npaj lwm tus qauv los kawm ua cov khoom siv semiconductor. Nws tau pom tias nws yog cov hlau nplaum tiag tiag, yog li nws tau dhau mus rau pab pawg tshawb fawb sib nqus. Vim nws qhov kev ua tau zoo raws li cov hlau nplaum thiab cov nqi tsim khoom qis dua. Xws li, nws yog Philips-tsim cov khoom lag luam uas cim qhov pib ntawm kev siv cov hlau nplaum mus tas li.

Xyoo 1960, thawj lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj hlau nplaum(rare ntiaj teb mus tas li hlau nplaum)tau tsim los ntawm alloys ntawm lanthanide keeb, yttrium. Lawv yog cov muaj zog ruaj khov hlau nplaum nrog siab saturation magnetization thiab zoo tiv thaiv demagnetization. Txawm hais tias lawv kim heev, tsis muaj zog thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, lawv tab tom pib ua lag luam ua lag luam vim tias lawv cov ntawv thov tau cuam tshuam ntau dua. Cov tswv cuab ntawm tus kheej lub khoos phis tawj tau nthuav dav hauv xyoo 1980, uas txhais tau hais tias qhov kev thov siab rau cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov rau hard drives.

Alloys xws li samarium-cobalt tau tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1960s nrog thawj tiam ntawm kev hloov pauv hlau thiab lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, thiab nyob rau xyoo 1970s, tus nqi ntawm cobalt tau nce hnyav vim cov khoom siv tsis ruaj khov hauv Congo. Lub sijhawm ntawd, qhov siab tshaj plaws samarium-cobalt cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov (BH) max yog qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab cov zej zog tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau hloov cov hlau nplaum no. Ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1984, kev txhim kho cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov raws li Nd-Fe-B yog thawj zaug los ntawm Sagawa li al. Siv cov hmoov metallurgy thev naus laus zis ntawm Sumitomo Cov Hlau Tshwj Xeeb, siv cov txheej txheem melting los ntawm General Motors. Raws li pom hauv daim duab hauv qab no, (BH) max tau txhim kho ntau dua li ib puas xyoo, pib ntawm ≈1 MGOe rau hlau thiab ncav cuag li 56 MGOe rau NdFeB hlau nplaum nyob rau hauv 20 xyoo dhau los.

Sustainability nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem kev lag luam tsis ntev los no tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb, thiab cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb, uas tau lees paub los ntawm cov teb chaws raws li cov khoom siv tseem ceeb vim lawv qhov kev pheej hmoo siab thiab kev lag luam tseem ceeb, tau qhib thaj chaw rau kev tshawb fawb rau cov hlau nplaum tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb. Ib qho kev tshawb fawb tau qhia yog saib rov qab rau qhov ntxov tshaj plaws tsim cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov, cov hlau nplaum ferrite, thiab kawm lawv ntxiv siv tag nrho cov cuab yeej tshiab thiab cov txheej txheem muaj nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo tsis ntev los no. Ntau lub koom haum tam sim no ua haujlwm rau cov haujlwm tshawb fawb tshiab uas vam tias yuav hloov cov hlau nplaum uas tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb nrog cov xim ntsuab, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua.